Various mechanisms, frequently influenced by a nation's political and social environment, lead to changes in regime. Elections are the most peaceful way to change a leader or party in a democracy. The winner is chosen by the people who voted. However, in less secure institutions, military coups have the ability to remove administrations, either by an immediate seizing of power or by a leader securing power through unethical measures. As seen by historical occurrences like the Russian and Iranian revolutions, revolutions, both peaceful and violent, can also induce political changes. They are frequently sparked by popular unrest or ideological movements.
As demonstrated in Iraq in 2003, exterior engagement can result in the overturning of governments. Civil wars and internal disputes are often the primary cause of regime change, especially when rival factions compete for control of the state. A government's legitimacy may be damaged by an economic downturn or a serious political crisis, which could lead people to demand change and, in certain cases, the rise of new leaders. As was the case in South Africa's transition away from apartheid, international pressure can further undermine governments through sanctions or diplomatic means, either encouraging reforms or contributing to their downfall. Finally, leadership succession can lead to a shift in a government, especially in authoritarian ones where a leader's dismissal or death leaves an empty position.
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